This study analyzes the current status and key barriers to online exports among Korean seafood export companies and empirically examines their utilization and investment intentions regarding digital technologies, thereby assessing their overall digital capability. A survey was conducted with 1,249 companies, yielding 104 valid responses. The questionnaire focused on participation in online exports, levels of digital technology utilization, and future plans for participation and investment. Only 23.1% of the respondents engaged in online exports, primarily limited to shelf-stable processed products such as seasoned laver and canned tuna. Both participating and non-participating firms identified insufficient knowledge and information about platform utilization and the high cost of logistics and marketing as major barriers, reflecting the structural constraints of small-scale enterprises. The average rate of digital technology utilization across export stages was 26.3%, with non-participating firms showing significantly lower use. The perceived difficulty of using digital technologies averaged 3.5 out of 5, indicating moderate challenges, while perceived usefulness for export expansion was relatively low at 2.9. Regression analysis revealed that companies located in the Seoul metropolitan area were more likely to engage in online exports, whereas a higher proportion of B2B transactions was associated with lower participation and intention levels. In addition, older executives showed lower willingness to adopt online exports, while higher educational attainment and positive perceptions of digital exports were linked to stronger investment intentions. These findings suggest the need for a phased support system to reduce information and cost barriers, customized digital capacity-building programs for both business owners and staff, specialized B2B-oriented digital platforms and networks, expanded cold-chain logistics infrastructure for fresh seafood, and enhanced online marketing support. As one of the first empirical studies to assess the digital capability of seafood export companies, this research provides meaningful policy implications and serves as a foundational reference for future comparative and follow-up studies on the evolution of firms’ digital competitiveness.